Impact of Electronic Visit Verification (EVV) on Personal Care Services Workers and Consumers in the United States

The 21^st Century CURES Act required that all states implement Electronic Visit Verification (EVV) for Medicaid-funded Personal Care Services (PCS) by January 1, 2020. EVV is a state-implemented telephone and computer-based technology system used to verify electronically that a Medicaid PCS worker has arrived on the job and assisted a disabled person with approved PCS tasks. EVV was a response to reports issued by the US Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Inspector General, which raised concerns about fraud, waste, and abuse in Medicaid-funded PCS. This study investigated if EVV, in representative states, acted as a barrier, facilitator, or a promising practice in terms of supporting and advancing choice, control, community living, and participation for disabled individuals who received Medicaid PCS.